A2 Language Terminology

• A 'question and answer' or 'statement and response' is known as adjacency pairs 

• The term for say 'yeah' and uh-huh' while someone is peaking is called back channeling 

• When talk flows swiftly from one turn to the next it is known as Latched talk 

• When you affect the data you are studying bu investigating it it is called the observers paradox

• Your investigation needs to be ethical, comparable and reliable

• AO3 awards marks for context

• GRAPE stands for: Genre Reception Audience Purpose Expectations 

• Your text needs to be analysed for meanings and representations 

• High frequency lexis and syntax are both terms from the framework 'Lexis' 

• Tannen's 3D theory is differences 

• Less taboo language, hedges and more colour terms are all deficit features 

• Cameron said "your genes don't determine you jeans"

• Trudgill did their NORMS research in Norwich 

• The island locals in Martha's Vineyard showed covert prestige 

• There was more pronunciation of the post-vocalic R sound in more expensive stores in Labov's 'fourth floor' study 

• Over generalisation is when children apply standard grammatical rules to irregular verbs and nouns 

• There are 15 morphemes in this quote: "now you can't exactly be like Jesus (0.5) instead you need to get some help"

• The stage after the two-word stage is called the telegraphic stage 

• Halliday's function for getting your needs met was instrumental 

• Deb Roy did the research on his son and discovered that caregivers simplify utterances around a word that is about to be learned 

Steven Pinker - Linguistics as a window to understand the brain

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-B_ONJIEcE

Dr Deb Roy ~ Ted Talks

https://www.ted.com/talks/deb_roy_the_birth_of_a_word

Horizon Documentary ~ Why Do We Talk

• Language defines us as humans 
• Speech distinguishes us from other animals 
• Children learn with minimal effort
• How we learn to talk is a mystery 
• Is it something we are born with or learn?
• We know little about where our language comes from 
• Deb Roy~ turn his home into language laboratory called 'Speech home project', he filmed his son from aged 0-3 capturing how we learn to talk
• Parents unconsciously simplified speech ~ when parents language develop so does the childs ~ care givers language 
• Children at 5 know 5000 words ~ adults speech 150000 words a day 
• Humans speech with a voice box low in the throat, animals have a higher voice box ~ but animals can lower their voice box so must be related to the brain to the reason we speak 
• Dr Kathy Price ~ highlighting key areas of the brain related to speech 
• Baby's react to mothers voice in different ways to other voices 
• Innate ability for language ~ born with it
• Noam Chompsky ~ language is innate and we all have L.A.D ~ we have the blue print of language but we need to be exposed to it early on ~ nature Vs nurture
• The forbidden experiment would give an answer ~ Child raised by wolves would give the answer ~ found the child was raised in a domestic environment 
• Family who had speech issue (KE family), the issue wa.s found in chromosome 7 but no one knows where ~ named speech 1
• New unrelated child found a broken chromosome 7 ~ Fox-P-2 ~ shows language is innate 

Stephen Fry ~ Planet Word Origins Of Language

• 2 years old is the key stage children start speaking
• 'Mummy' and 'Daddy' are the first words everywhere
• Chimps have learned signed language and to talk through pushing buttons but they do not create conversation like humans
• Humans needed language to collaborate e.g. hunting to feed a tribe 
• Fox-P-2 ~ part of DNA ~ IF there is a problem with the gene it could cause a problem with our speech
• We know more about the universe than about how our language began and works
• There's a window for language development which closes around early puberty
• Dr Deb Roy ~ Cameras in house filming his son growing up learning language 'Speech home project' 
• At 2 years old you'll learn 10 new words per day 
• Steven Pinker ~ children say things they've never heard so must be born with it
• Jean Berko Gleason ~ developed the 'wug test' 1955 ~ Parents need to provide context, opportunities to speak
• Deb Roy tracked the pronunciation of noun 'water' for 7 months e.g. the childs semantic awareness outstrips their phonological ability - highlighted by Dr Deb Roy   

Style Model ~ Newspaper Article

http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/the-sun-backs-brexit-trevor-kavanagh_uk_575f9f40e4b07701cbdbb1dc?edition=uk&utm_hp_ref=uk-news

Style model: investigative journalism

Form: This is an online newspaper article expressing The Sun’s view on the EU referendum and their opinion on it too. It also has others opinions from online platforms such as twitter.

Purpose: To inform people about how the front page of one newspaper could affect how some people vote in the EU referendum.

Audience: This article would be aimed towards people 18 and over mainly as they are the people who are going to vote, yet it will affect the younger generation more so they may read this too. “A the YouGov poll for The Times shows Leave on 46% compared with 39% for Remain.”

• o   The text itself is formal with phrases such as “reported to be aggressively anti-EU.”
• 
  
• o   Sub heading is simple yet effective with only has 12 lexis which means the point of the article gets across quickly: "The Sun has backed the winning side in every poll since 1974.” 
• 
  
• o   Many Subject specific lexis which would only make sense in this context “ EU referendum” and “Brexit”- which is also a blended lexis of ‘Britain’ and ‘Exit’, shown in the media a lot so younger audience would relate more.
• 
  
• o   Written in third person with first person quotes “When I go into Downing street”
• o   Low frequency lexis such as  “corporate establishment”  supports the idea that it is formal
• o   Has aspects of different types of mode with Tweets used to show people’s opinions.
• 
  
• o   Statistics are used to suggest the article is reliable “46% compared with 39% for Remain.”
• o   Paragraphs only 1 syntax long, maybe to keep hold of reader’s attention “The Sun sells close to two million copies a day and has long been critical of the EU.”
• 
  
• o   There is repletion of this quote "‘When I go into Downing Street they do what I say; when I go to Brussels they take no notice’” to show exactly how Murdoch stands.
• o   Range of syntax structures mostly simple to keep the information straight and to the point. Complex sentences are not used at all.
• 
  
• o   “The Sun sells close to two million copies a day and has long been critical of the EU.” Declarative syntax, simple syntax sticks to the facts with no other information needed to get the point across.
• 
  
• o   “political” low frequency and subject specific lexis, supports the idea it is a formal piece of text
• 
  
• o   Images are used to leave less to the imagination and keep to the facts of the article e.g. image of Murdoch and Front page of The Sun 

Opinion Style Models

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/apr/24/boris-johnson-eu-referendum-barack-obama-slur
This article expresses the opinion that all politicians should use correct English to not be seen as a 'joke' and to explain what they are saying clearly. 

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/06/opinion/sunday/like-degrading-the-language-no-way.html
This opinion article shows how the language is becoming less meaningful with words such as "like constantly being used by people under a certain age."

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationopinion/9966117/Text-speak-language-evolution-or-just-laziness.html
This article shows the opinion that children as young as 8 are now using 'text talk' and how they may just be being lazy instead of writing full words/sentences. 

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/25/opinion/brexit-is-no-business-of-us.html?ref=opinion
This article explains how the decision to whether Britain leaves the EU or not "has nothing to do with the USA" and they should not get involved with the debate.